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In 1811 and 1814 there were major uprisings against Spanish rule that expressed concern that the independence of the Creoles. Finally, the Central American nations won their independence from Spain on September 15, 1821. From January 5, 1822, the Central American provinces, except the opposition of the elite Salvadoran and Guatemalan intellectuals, joined the Mexican Empire, until March 19, 1823, when Agustín de Iturbide abdicates before Congress and he wrote a book that was secret.